macSubstrate is a platform tool for interprocess code injection on macOS, with the similar function to Cydia Substrate on iOS. Using macSubstrate, you can inject your plugins (.bundle or .framework) into a mac app (including sandboxed apps) to tweak it in the runtime.
All you need is to get or create plugins for your target app.
No trouble with modification and codesign for the original target app.
No more work after the target app is updated.
Super easy to install or uninstall a plugin.
Loading plugins automatically whenever the target app is relaunched.
Providing a GUI app to make injection much easier.
System Integrity Protection is a new security policy that applies to every running process, including privileged code and code that runs out of the sandbox. The policy extends additional protections to components on disk and at run-time, only allowing system binaries to be modified by the system installer and software updates. Code injection and runtime attachments to system binaries are no longer permitted.
Usage
download macSubstrate.app, put into /Applications and launch it.
grant authorization if needed.
install a plugin by importing or dragging into macSubstrate.
launch the target app. step 3 and step 4 can be switched Once a plugin is installed by macSubstrate, it will take effect immediately. But if you want it to work whenever the target app is relaunched or macOS is restarted, you need to keep macSubstrate running and allow it to automatically launch at login.
uninstall a plugin when you do not need it anymore.
Plugin macSubstrate supports plugins of .bundle or .framework, so you just need to create a valid .bundle or .framework file. The most important thing is to add a key macSubstratePlugin into the info.plist, with the dictionary value:
Key
Value
TargetAppBundleID
the target app's CFBundleIdentifier, this tells macSubstrate which app to inject.
Description
brief description of the plugin
AuthorName
author name of the plugin
AuthorEmail
author email of the plugin
Please check the demo plugins demo.bundle and demo.framework for details. Xcode Templates macSubstrate also provides Xcode Templates to help you create plugins conveniently:
Launch Xcode, and there will be 2 new plugin templates for you.
Security
SIP is a new security policy on macOS, which will help to keep you away from potential security risk. Disable it means you will lose the protection from SIP.
If you install a plugin from a developer, you should be responsible for the security of the plugin. If you do not trust it, please do not install it. macSubstrate will help to verify the code signature of a plugin, and I suggest you to scan it using VirusTotal. Anyway, macSubstrate is just a tool, and it is your choice to decide what plugin to install.
Email address is a type of identification by which an email receiver identifies the person who sends mail to him/her. That's why while creating an email address you need to enter your personal details that must be valid. However, what if we tell you that you can create an email address that doesn't require any validation of personal details and that email address gets permanently deleted after your work is done. So here we have a method To Create Fake Email Address. By this, you can create a fake email address that will get auto-deleted after ten minutes. Just follow the below steps to proceed.
Note: The method we are discussing is just for a known purpose and should not be used for any illegal purposes, as we will be not responsible for any wrongdoing.
How To Create Fake Email Address Within Seconds
The method of creating a fake email address is very simple and easy as these are based on online websites that will provide you a free email address without taking any personal details from you.
10 Minute Mail will provide you a temporary e-mail address. Any e-mails sent to that address will show automatically on the web page. You can read them, click on links, and even reply to them. The email address will expire after 10 minutes.
It is one of the most user-friendly ones out there, with this, you can get disposable email ID easily. You need to enter the details, and the fake email ID will be generated. Moreover, this also lets you send emails with attachment up to 150MB. You will be provided with a temporary email address which you can use to verify some websites which require the email address.
Mailinator is a free, Public, Email System where you can use any inbox you want. You will be given a Mailinator address which you can use anytime a website asks for an email address. The public emails you will receive will be auto-deleted after few hours of receiving.
Maildrop is a great idea when you want to sign up for a website but you are concerned that they might share your address with advertisers. MailDrop is powered by some of the spam filters created by Heluna, used in order to block almost all spam attempts before they even get to your MailDrop inbox. This works the same way like Mailinator in which you will be given a temporary Email address which you can use to verify sites etc.
AirMail is a free temporary email service, you are given a random email address you can use when registering to new websites or test-driving untrusted services. All emails received by AirMail servers are displayed automatically in your online browser inbox.
Why should you use Windscrive? Windscribe is well-known for their free VPN service but they also have a paid version. Only with a free account, you will get 10 countries to connect through and change your real IP address and 10GB of free traffic (if you use an email to sign up Windscribe), and unlimited devices. The Free version is awesome, but the Pro one is even better! With Pro version you will get Unlimited Data, Unblock over 60 Countries and 110 Cities, Config Generator (OpenVPN, IKEv2, SOCKS5), and full protection from R.O.B.E.R.T. For your information, Windscribeis one of the best VPN services in the category Free Audit, Value Audit and Overall Audit in BestVPN.com Awards 2019 (Read the White Paper here). You totally can believe in Windscribe(100% no logs). And about R.O.B.E.R.T, it's an advanced DNS level blocker that protects you from Malware, Ads and Trackers, Social tracking, Porn, Gambling, Fake News, Clickbait and Cryptominers. Read more about R.O.B.E.R.T.
Anyway, Windscribe helps you:
Stop tracking and browse privately: Governments block content based on your location. Corporations track and sell your personal data. Get Windscribe and take back control of your privacy.
Unblock geo-restricted content: Windscribe masks your IP address. This gives you unrestricted and private access to entertainment, news sites, and blocked content in over 45 different countries.
Take your browsing history to your grave: Protect your browsing history from your network administrator, ISP, or your mom. Windscribe doesn't keep any logs, so your private data stays with you.
Stop leaking personal information: Prevent hackers from stealing your data while you use public WIFI and block annoying advertisers from stalking you online.
Go beyond basic VPN protection: For comprehensive privacy protection, use our desktop and browser combo (they're both free).
Windscribe also supports Chrome browser, Firefox browser, Opera browser, Smart TV, Routers, Android, iOS, BlackBerry, Windows OS, Mac OS X and GNU/Linux OS, you name it. You can install Windscribe on Ubuntu, Debian, Fedora, CentOS, Arch Linux and their based distros too. But to install and safely use Internet through Windscribe, you must sign up an account first. If you already have an account then let's get started. How to install Windscribe on Arch and Arch-based distros? First, open your Terminal. For Arch Linux and Arch-based distro users, you can install Windscribe from AUR. Run these commands without root to download and install Windscribe on your Arch:
For other distro users, go to VPN for Linux - Windscribe choose the binary file that compatible with your distro (.DEB for Debian and Ubuntu based, .RPM for Fedora and CentOS based) and then install it. dpkg -i [Windscribe .DEB package] rpm -ivh [Windscribe .RPM package]
Or you can scroll down to Pick Your Distro, click to the distro version you use, or click to the distro version that your distro is based on and follow the instructions. Now enter these commands to auto-start a and log in to Windscribe.
Enter your username and password and then you can enjoy Windscribe's free VPN service. How to use Windscribe on Linux? This is Windscribe list of commands (windscribe --help): If you want Windscribe to chooses the best location for you, use windscribe connect best.
But if you want to choose location yourself, here is the list of Windscribe's locations: *Pro only Example, i want to connect to "Los Angeles - Dogg", i use windscribe connect Dogg.
If you want to stop connecting through Windscribe use windscribe disconnect.
For some reasons, you want to log out Windscribe from your device, use windscribe logout. I hope this article is helpful for you 😃
Advantage of Ethical Hacking Hacking is quite useful in the following purpose- 1-To recover lost information, especially in case you lost your password. 2-To perform penetration testing to strengthen computer and network security.
3-To put adequate preventative measure in place to prevent security breaches. 4-To have a computer system that prevents malicious hackers from gaining access.
5-Fighting against terrorism and national security breaches.
Bob was tasked to break into XYZcorporation, so he pulled up the facility on google maps to see what the layout was. He was looking for any possible entry paths into the company headquarters. Online maps showed that the whole facility was surrounded by a security access gate. Not much else could be determined remotely so bob decided to take a drive to the facility and get a closer look.
Bob parked down the street in view of the entry gate. Upon arrival he noted the gate was un-manned and cars were rolling up to the gate typing in an access code or simply driving up to the gate as it opening automatically.Interestingly there was some kind of wireless technology in use.
How do we go from watching a car go through a gate, to having a physical device that opens the gate?
We will take a look at reversing a signal from an actual gate to program a remote with the proper RF signal.Learning how to perform these steps manually to get a better understanding of how RF remotes work in conjunction with automating processes with RFCrack.
In the the previous blogs, we sniffed signals and replayed them to perform actions. In this blog we are going to take a look at a signal and reverse it to create a physical device that will act as a replacement for the original device. Depending on the scenario this may be a better approach if you plan to enter the facility off hours when there is no signal to capture or you don't want to look suspicious.
Recon:
Lets first use the scanning functionality in RFCrack to find known frequencies. Weneed to understand the frequencies that gates usually use. This way we can set our scanner to a limited number of frequencies to rotate through. The smaller rage of frequencies used will provide a better chance of capturing a signal when a car opens the target gate. This would be beneficial if the scanning device is left unattended within a dropbox created with something like a Kali on a Raspberry Pi. One could access it from a good distance away by setting up a wifi hotspot or cellular connection.
Based on research remotes tend to use 315Mhz, 390Mhz, 433Mhz and a few other frequencies. So in our case we will start up RFCrack on those likely used frequencies and just let it run. We can also look up the FCID of our clicker to see what Frequencies manufactures are using. Although not standardized, similar technologies tend to use similar configurations. Below is from the data sheet located at https://fccid.io/HBW7922/Test-Report/test-report-1755584 which indicates that if this gate is compatible with a universal remote it should be using the 300,310, 315, 372, 390 Frequencies. Most notably the 310, 315 and 390 as the others are only on a couple configurations.
RFCrack Scanning:
Since the most used ranges are 310, 315, 390 within our universal clicker, lets set RFCrack scanner to rotate through those and scan for signals.If a number of cars go through the gate and there are no captures we can adjust the scanner later over our wifi connection from a distance.
Currently Scanning: 433000000 To cancel hit enter and wait a few seconds
Example of logging output:
From the above output you will see that a frequency was found on 390. However, if you had left this running for a few hours you could easily see all of the output in the log file located in your RFCrack/scanning_logs directory.For example the following captures were found in the log file in an easily parseable format:
Analyzing the signal to determine toggle switches:
Ok sweet, now we have a valid signal which will open the gate. Of course we could just replay this and open the gate, but we are going to create a physical device we can pass along to whoever needs entry regardless if they understand RF. No need to fumble around with a computer and look suspicious.Also replaying a signal with RFCrack is just to easy, nothing new to learn taking the easy route.
The first thing we are going to do is graph the capture and take a look at the wave pattern it creates. This can give us a lot of clues that might prove beneficial in figuring out the toggle switch pattern found in remotes. There are a few ways we can do this. If you don't have a yardstick at home you can capture the initial signal with your cheap RTL-SDR dongle as we did in the first RF blog. We could then open it in audacity. This signal is shown below.
Let RFCrack Plot the Signal For you:
The other option is let RFCrack help you out by taking a signal from the log output above and let RFCrack plot it for you.This saves time and allows you to use only one piece of hardware for all of the work.This can easily be done with the following command:
From the graph output we see 2 distinct crest lengths and some junk at either end we can throw away. These 2 unique crests correspond to our toggle switch positions of up/down giving us the following 2 possible scenarios using a 9 toggle switch remote based on the 9 crests above:
Possible toggle switch scenarios:
down down up up up down down down down
up up down down down up up up up
Configuring a remote:
Proper toggle switch configuration allows us to program a universal remote that sends a signal to the gate. However even with the proper toggle switch configuration the remote has many different signals it sends based on the manufacturer or type of signal.In order to figure out which configuration the gate is using without physically watching the gate open, we will rely on local signal analysis/comparison.
Programming a remote is done by clicking the device with the proper toggle switch configuration until the gate opens and the correct manufacturer is configured. Since we don't have access to the gate after capturing the initial signal we will instead compare each signal from he remote to the original captured signal.
Comparing Signals:
This can be done a few ways, one way is to use an RTLSDR and capture all of the presses followed by visually comparing the output in audacity. Instead I prefer to use one tool and automate this process with RFCrack so that on each click of the device we can compare a signal with the original capture. Since there are multiple signals sent with each click it will analyze all of them and provide a percent likelihood of match of all the signals in that click followed by a comparing the highest % match graph for visual confirmation. If you are seeing a 80-90% match you should have the correct signal match.
Note:Not every click will show output as some clicks will be on different frequencies, these don't matter since our recon confirmed the gate is communicating on 390Mhz.
In order to analyze the signals in real time you will need to open up your clicker and set the proper toggle switch settings followed by setting up a sniffer and live analysis with RFCrack:
Open up 2 terminals and use the following commands:
#Setup a sniffer on 390mhz Setup sniffer:python RFCrack.py -k -c -f 390000000.
#Monitor the log file, and provide the gates original signal Setup Analysis: python RFCrack.py -c -u 1f0fffe0fffc01ff803ff007fe0fffc1fff83fff07ffe0007c -n.
Cmd switches used
-k = known frequency
-c = compare mode
-f = frequency
-n = no yardstick needed for analysis
Make sure your remote is configured for one of the possible toggle configurations determined above. In the below example I am using the first configuration, any extra toggles left in the down position: (down down up up up down down down down)
Analyze Your Clicks:
Now with the two terminals open and running click the reset switch to the bottom left and hold till it flashes. Then keep clicking the left button and viewing the output in the sniffing analysis terminal which will provide the comparisons as graphs are loaded to validate the output.If you click the device and no output is seen, all that means is that the device is communicating on a frequency which we are not listening on.We don't care about those signals since they don't pertain to our target.
At around the 11th click you will see high likelihood of a match and a graph which is near identical. A few click outputs are shown below with the graph from the last output with a 97% match.It will always graph the highest percentage within a click.Sometimes there will be blank graphs when the data is wacky and doesn't work so well. This is fine since we don't care about wacky data.
You will notice the previous clicks did not show even close to a match, so its pretty easy to determine which is the right manufacture and setup for your target gate. Now just click the right hand button on the remote and it should be configured with the gates setup even though you are in another location setting up for your test.
For Visual of the last signal comparison go to ./imageOutput/LiveComparison.png
----------Start Signals In Press--------------
Percent Chance of Match for press is: 0.05
Percent Chance of Match for press is: 0.14
Percent Chance of Match for press is: 0.14
Percent Chance of Match for press is: 0.12
----------End Signals In Press------------
For Visual of the last signal comparison go to ./imageOutput/LiveComparison.png
----------Start Signals In Press--------------
Percent Chance of Match for press is: 0.14
Percent Chance of Match for press is: 0.20
Percent Chance of Match for press is: 0.19
Percent Chance of Match for press is: 0.25
----------End Signals In Press------------
For Visual of the last signal comparison go to ./imageOutput/LiveComparison.png
----------Start Signals In Press--------------
Percent Chance of Match for press is: 0.93
Percent Chance of Match for press is: 0.93
Percent Chance of Match for press is: 0.97
Percent Chance of Match for press is: 0.90
Percent Chance of Match for press is: 0.88
Percent Chance of Match for press is: 0.44
----------End Signals In Press------------
For Visual of the last signal comparison go to ./imageOutput/LiveComparison.png
Graph Comparison Output for 97% Match:
Conclusion:
You have now walked through successfully reversing a toggle switch remote for a security gate. You took a raw signal and created a working device using only a Yardstick and RFCrack.This was just a quick tutorial on leveraging the skillsets you gained in previous blogs in order to learn how to analyzeRF signals within embedded devices. There are many scenarios these same techniques could assist in.We also covered a few new features in RF crack regarding logging, graphing and comparing signals.These are just a few of the features which have been added since the initial release. For more info and other features check the wiki.
